Stinging Nettle-Nettle Family
Hoary nettle, giant creek nettle, hedge
nettle,
Urtica
dioica
Characteristics. Stinging
nettle is a perennial that spreads by rhizome and seed. It is named for the
multitude of hollow spines that cover the stems and leaves which can pierce
skin and inject small amounts of formic acid. This toxin causes a localized and
temporary burning sensation similar to the sting of some ants which also
utilize formic acid as a defensive mechanism. Stinging nettle is most commonly
found but not limited to along streams or in damp, rich, undisturbed soil. It rarely occurs in maintained agricultural
fields. This weed is primarily problematic in recreational areas and other
situations frequented by the pubic because of its stinging behavior. It is capable of producing very dense,
unmanageable stands which inhibit access to a variety of situations such as
waterways used as livestock and irrigation purposes.
Identifying
Characteristics. Stinging nettle grows upright with
little branching, often growing in small colonies as a result of spreading by
rhizomes. Foliage is oppositely arranged along the stem and is toothed with a
characteristic ruffled upper surface.
Small green flower occur as clusters at the axil of
upper leaves. Purple colored stems are
square and covered with spines.
The taxonomy of stinging
nettles has been confused, and older sources are likely to use a variety of
systematic names for these plants. Formerly, more species were recognized than
are now accepted. However, there are at least five clear subspecies, some formerly
classified as separate species:
§
U. dioica subsp. dioica (European
stinging nettle). Europe, Asia, northern
§
U. dioica subsp. galeopsifolia (fen
nettle or stingless nettle).
§
U. dioica subsp. afghanica. Southwestern
and central
§
U. dioica subsp. gansuensis.
Eastern Asia (
§
U. dioica subsp. gracilis (Ait.)
Selander (American stinging nettle).
§
U. dioica subsp. holosericea (Nutt.)
Thorne (hairy nettle).
Other species names formerly accepted as
distinct by some authors but now regarded as synonyms of U.
dioica include U. breweri, U. californica, U. cardiophylla, U.
lyalli, U. major, U. procera, U. serra, U.
strigosissima, U. trachycarpa, and U. viridis. Other vernacular
names include tall nettle, slender nettle,
Stinging nettles are abundant in
northern Europe and much of
In the US stinging
nettles have a strong association with human habitation and buildings. The
presence of nettles may indicate that a building has been long abandoned. Human
and animal waste may be responsible for elevated levels of phosphate and nitrogen in the soil,
providing an ideal environment for stinging nettles.
Uses. As Old English Stiđe,
nettle is one of the nine plants invoked in the pagan Anglo-Saxon Nine Herbs Charm,
recorded in the 10th century. Nettle is believed to be a galactagogue and a
clinical trial has shown that the juice is diuretic in patients
with congestive heart failure.
Urtication,
or flogging with nettles, is the process of deliberately applying stinging
nettles to the skin in order to provoke inflammation. An agent thus used is
known as a rubefacient (something
that causes redness). This is done as a folk remedy for rheumatism, providing
temporary relief from pain. The counter-irritant action to which this is
often attributed can be preserved by the preparation of an alcoholic tincture which can be
applied as part of a topical preparation, but not as an infusion, which
drastically reduces the irritant action.
Nettle leaf is an herb that has a long
tradition of use as an adjuvant remedy in the treatment of arthritis in
Nettle is used in hair shampoos to
control dandruff and is said to make hair more glossy, which is why some
farmers include a handful of nettles with cattle feed. It is
also thought nettles can ease eczema.
Nettle root extracts have been
extensively studied in human clinical trials as a treatment for symptoms
of benign
prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). These extracts have been shown to
help relieve symptoms compared to placebo both by themselves and when
combined with other herbal medicines.
Fresh nettle is used in folk remedies to
stop bleeding because of its high Vitamin K content.
Meanwhile, in dry U. dioica, the Vitamin K is practically
non-existent and so is used as a blood thinner.
Stinging nettle has a flavor similar
to spinach when cooked
and is rich in vitamins A, C, iron, potassium, manganese, and calcium. Young
plants were harvested by Native Americans and
used as a cooked plant in spring when other food plants were scarce. Soaking
nettles in water or cooking will remove the stinging chemicals from the plant,
which allows them to be handled and eaten without incidence of stinging. After
Stinging Nettle enters its flowering and seed setting stages the leaves develop
gritty particles called "cystoliths", which can irritate the urinary
tract. In its peak season, stinging nettle contains up to 25%
protein, dry weight, which is high for a leafy green vegetable. The young
leaves are edible and make a very good pot-herb.
The leaves are also dried and may then be used to make a tisane, as can
also be done with the nettle's flowers.
Nettles can be used in a variety of
recipes, such as polenta and pesto. Nettle soup is a
common use of the plant, particularly in Northern and Eastern Europe.
Nettles are sometimes used in cheese
making, for example in the production of Yarg and as a flavoring
in varieties of Gouda.
In Nepal and in Kumaon region of
Northern India,
Stinging Nettle is known as Shishnu. It's a very popular cuisine and cooked
with Indian spices.
Competitive eating. In the UK,
an annual Stinging Nettle Eating Championship draws thousands of people to
Dorset, where competitors attempt to eat as much of the raw plant as possible.
Competitors are given 60 cm (20 in) stalks of the plant, from which
they strip the leaves and eat them. Whoever strips and eats the most stinging
nettle leaves in a fixed time is the winner. The competition dates back to
1986, when two neighboring farmers attempted to settle a dispute about which
had the worst infestation of nettles.
Drink. Nettle
cordial is a soft drink made largely from a refined sugar and water solution
flavored with the leaves of the nettle. Historically it has
been popular in North Western Europe; however, versions of a nettle cordial
recipe can be traced back to Roman times. It is an aromatic
syrup, and when mixed with sparkling water, is very refreshing.
Nettle leaves are steeped in a concentrated
sugar solution so the flavor is extracted into the sugar solution. The leaves
are then removed and a source of citric acid (usually lemon juice) is added to
help preserve the cordial and add a tart flavor.
Commercially produced cordials are
generally quite concentrated and are usually diluted by one part cordial to ten
parts water – thus a 0.5 liters (0.11 imp gal; 0.13 US gal)
bottle of cordial would be enough for 5.5 liters (1.2 imp gal;
1.5 US gal) diluted. The high concentration of sugar in nettle cordial
gives it a long shelf life.
There are also many recipes for
alcoholic nettle beer which is a countryside favorite in the British Isles such
as these.
Nettle sting treatment. Anti-itch
drugs, usually in the form of creams containing antihistaminics or hydrocortisone may
provide relief from the symptoms of being stung by nettles. But due to the
combination of chemicals involved other remedies may be required. Calamine
lotion may be helpful. Many folk remedies exist
for treating the itching including horsetail (Equisetopsida spp.),
leaf of dock (Rumex spp.), Jewelweed,
(Impatiens
capensis and Impatiens pallida),
the underside of a fern (the spores), mud, saliva, or baking soda, oil and
onions, and topical use of milk of magnesia.
Textiles. Nettle
stems contain a er that has been traditionally used for the same
purposes as linen and
is produced by a similar retting process.
Unlike cotton,
nettles grow easily without pesticides.
The fibers are coarser however. In recent years a German company has started to
produce commercial nettle textiles.
Nettles may be used as a dye-stuff, producing
yellow from the roots, or yellowish green from the leaves.
As well as the potential for encouraging
beneficial insects, nettles have a number of other uses in the vegetable
garden.
The growth of stinging nettle is an
indicator that an area has high fertility (especially phosphorus) and has been
disturbed.
Nettles contain a lot of nitrogen and so are
used as a compost activator or can be used to make a liquid fertilizer
which although somewhat low in phosphate is useful
in supplying magnesium,
sulphur and iron. They
are also one of the few plants that can tolerate, and flourish in, soils rich
in poultry droppings.
Recent experiments have shown that
nettles may have some use as a companion
plant.
Stinging nettle can be a troubling weed,
and mowing can increase plant density. Regular and
persistent tilling will
greatly reduce its numbers, the use of herbicides such as 2,4-D and Glyphosate, are effective
control measures.